Inyongo ethelelekile: izimpawu kanye nokwelashwa

Siyakwamukela, msebenzisi we-inthanethi othandekayo. Usendaweni yezempilo eyenzelwe wena "ngabantu ngenxa yabantu". A inyongo ethelelekile (I-Cholecystitis) akuyona nje ubuhlungu besisu; iyisibonakaliso sesixwayiso esithunyelwa ngumzimba wakho futhi sidinga ukunakekelwa kwezokwelapha ngokushesha.

Ngaphambi kokuba sijule, ngiyakumema ukuthi ume kancane bese uphefumula kane ngokujulile; ukufuthwa komoya-mpilo okufanele kusiza ubuchopho ukuthi buhlale buzolile ngesikhathi sezinqumo zezokwelapha. Joyina nathi ukuze uqonde ukuthi kungani ukungenelela kochwepheshe kukaDkt. Delgado kuyisihluthulelo sokuvimbela izinkinga nokubuyisela inhlalakahle yakho.

Kunezici eziningana, njengokuba khona kwamatshe enyongo, ukuvuvukala, kanye nokutheleleka, okungabangela izinkinga enyongo futhi kuholele enyongweni ethelelekile.

Inyongo ethelelekile ivame ukuba yisimo esibuhlungu nesingaba yingozi uma ingelashwa. Kulo mhlahlandlela ophelele Ngokuphathelene nenyongo ethelelekile, sizohlola izimbangela, izimpawu, ukuxilongwa, izinketho zokwelapha, izinkinga, kanye nezindlela zokuvimbela lesi simo, sikunikeze ulwazi oludingayo ukuze usilawule futhi usivimbele.

Manje, ngesimo sengqondo sokubhekana nezinhloso ezimbi zokuzethemba noma ukuzelapha, izenzo ezimbili ezimbi ezithatha isikhathi eside usizo lochwepheshe bezokwelapha ezibhedlela noma emitholampilo yezempilo, yasendaweni noma yasemadolobheni, ngokusebenzisa inethiwekhi yezempilo yomphakathi noma yangasesefuthi kungabi yisibalo sezinkinga.

Ake sithole okwengeziwe ngalesi sici esisha esijabulisayo! 

Inyongo ethelelekile

Ama-gallbladder athelelekile awavamile ngenxa yokuzivikela okuqinile umzimba wethu okwakhe, kodwa kunezimo ezithile lapho ukutheleleka kungavela khona.

Kunzima ukukala ukuthi imvamisa yokutheleleka kwenyongo ingakanani, njengoba iziguli zelashwa ngezimbangela eziyisisekelo zokutheleleka, njengokuvuvukala noma isifo sikashukela.

Ochwepheshe abaningi bayavuma ukuthi imbangela evame kakhulu yenyongo ethelelekile Ziyi-gallstonesokwenzeka lapho inyongo iqoqana esithweni futhi iqina, yakha ama-deposit.

Ezinye izimpawu zingase zihlanganise i-jaundice, ubuhlungu besisu ohlangothini lwesokudla noma phakathi kwamahlombe, umkhuhlane, ukubanda kanye nesicanucanu.

Izinkinga zokutheleleka kwenyongo zingafaka phakathi ukuphuka noma ukubhoboka kwesitho somzimba, okudinga usizo lwezokwelapha ngokushesha.

Ezimweni ezimbi kakhulu zokutheleleka, i-sepsis ingenzeka, isimo esisongela ukuphila esibangelwa amagciwane angena egazini.

Uma usola ukuthi unenyongo ethelelekile, kubalulekile ukubona udokotela wendawo ngokushesha okukhulu.

La cholecystitis, noma inyongo ethelelekileKuyisimo esenzeka lapho isitho sivuvukala futhi sivuvukala ngenxa yokutheleleka.

La vesicle, etholakala ngaphansi kwesibindi, ufeza umsebenzi ukugcina, ukugxila nokukhulula inyongo, uketshezi lokugaya oluphuzi-oluhlaza olusiza ekugayweni kwamafutha emathunjini amancane.

Uma amabhaktheriya noma amatshe enyongo evimba ukugeleza kwenyongo, kuvame ukuvela ukuvuvukala nobuhlungu. Ukuqonda izimbangela nezimpawu ze-cholecystitis ebukhali Kubalulekile ukuthola usizo lwezokwelapha lwendawo, olusheshayo nolusheshayo futhi ugweme izinkinga ezinkulu zokugaya ukudla.

Amatshe enyongo ayimbangela evame kakhulu yenyongo ethelelekile. Lawa matshe aqinile, afana namatshe akheka esithweni futhi avimbele ukugeleza okuvamile kwenyongo iye emgudwini wenyongo ovamile, i-duodenum, futhi ekugcineni emathunjini amancane.

Ukulimala e- vesicle noma emigudwini ye-bile, ukuba khona kwezimila noma i-system ye-inmunitario debilitado Lezi ezinye izindlela ezingase zibangele ukutheleleka. Ukwazi izimbangela kungasiza ekuvimbeleni nasekutholakaleni kusenesikhathi.

Izimpawu ze-cholecystitis zingaba zimbi kakhulu, okuhlanganisa ubuhlungu obuphakathi kuya kobukhulu phezulu kwesokudla noma maphakathi nesisu, umkhuhlane, isicanucanu, ukuhlanza, kanye nokulahlekelwa yisifiso sokudla. Ubuhlungu bungaze buphume emhlane noma ehlombe lesokudla.

Futhi, kungase kube jaundice (Ukushintsha kombala wesikhumba namehlo okuphuzi, okuhambisana nokulunywa). Ukuqaphela lezi zimpawu kubalulekile ekutholeni ukwelashwa okusheshayo nokufika ngesikhathi kumhlinzeki wakho wezempilo womphakathi noma ozimele.

Ukuxilongwa kwe-cholecystitis kuvame ukuhlanganisa ukuhlolwa kwegazi ukuhlola ukuthi kukhona yini ukuvuvukala noma ukutheleleka ngokuthola ukwanda kwamaseli amhlophe egazi, ukuhlolwa kokusebenza kwesibindi nezinso, kanye, ngesikhathi esifanayo, ukuhlolwa komchamo okuyisisekelo.

Futhi phakathi kwamasu kukhona izivivinyo zokuthwebula izithombe ezihambisanayo, njenge-ultrasound noma i-computed tomography; Ngakho-ke, ukuthola ukuxilongwa okunembile kubalulekile ukuze ukwelashwa kuphumelele futhi kugwenywe izinkinga ezingaba khona.

Imbangela yinyongo ethelelekile.

Kunezici ezahlukahlukene ezingaholela ekungeneni kwe-biliary viscus ethelelekile, kodwa esinye sezivame kakhulu ukuvaleka kwemigudu ye-bile.

Lona Ukuvaleka kungabangelwa amatshe enyongo.Amatshe enyongo ayizinqwaba zenyongo ezibangwa yi-calcified ezakha inyongo. Uma la matshe ehlala emigudwini yenyongo, angabangela inyongo ethelelekile.

Esinye isizathu esivamile senyongo ethelelekile yi-cholecystitis, ukuvuvukala kwenyongo. Lokhu kuvuvukala kungabangelwa yizimbangela ezahlukahlukene, njengokutheleleka, ukuvaleka, kanye nomonakalo wenyongo.

Uma i inyongo ivuvukele, ingaba lula kakhulu ukutheleleka futhi iholele ekwehleni kwe-vesicle ethelelekile.

Ukudla okunempilo kanye nokukhetha indlela yokuphila nakho kungasiza ekukhuleni kwenyongo ethelelekile. Ukudla ukudla okunamafutha amaningi kanye ne-fiber encane kungandisa ingozi yokwakha amatshe enyongo, ngakho-ke, ukutheleleka kwenyongo.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukubhema ugwayi, ukuphuza utshwala ngokweqile, kanye nendlela yokuphila yokuhlala phansi kanye nokukhuluphala ngokweqile kwandisa ingozi yokuthola inyongo ethelelekile.

Izimpawu zenyongo ethelelekile

Ubuhlungu engxenyeni engenhla kwesokudla yesisu buyi- uphawu okuvamile kwe-a inyongo ethelelekileLokhu kungakhululeki kungasukela kokuncane kuya kokukhulu futhi kungaba njalo noma kwenzeke emagagasini.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, indawo ingase ibe thambile noma ivuvukele. Uma uzwa ubuhlungu besisu obuhlala isikhathi eside noma obukhulu, kubalulekile ukufuna usizo lwezokwelapha.

Umkhuhlane ungenye inkomba yokuthi kungenzeka kube nokutheleleka. Kuyindlela yomzimba wakho yokulwa nokutheleleka futhi akufanele inganakwa. Uma unomkhuhlane kanye nobuhlungu besisu noma ezinye izimpawu ezisobala, kubalulekile ukuthi uhlolwe.

Isicanucanu nokuhlanza kuyizimpawu ezimbili ezingaba khona zesifo i-biliary viscus ethelelekile. Kungase kube ngenxa ye- ukuvuvukala noma isitho esithelelekile noma emigudwini yenyongo, futhi kungase kuhambisane nokungakhululeki kwesisu, umkhuhlane, noma i-jaundice. Uma uhlangabezana nalezi zimpawu, kubalulekile ukuthi ufune usizo lwezokwelapha ngokushesha.

I-jaundice iwukuphuzi kwesikhumba namehlo okubangelwa ukunqwabelana kwe-bilirubin emzimbeni.

La I-Bilirubin ingumkhiqizo obangelwa ukuwohloka kwamaseli abomvu egazi Inganqwabelana uma imisele yenyongo ivaliwe. Uma uzwa i-jaundice kanye nobuhlungu besisu kanye nomkhuhlane, kubalulekile ukufuna usizo lwezokwelapha.

Ukuxilongwa kwenyongo ethelelekile

Ukuze uthole ukwelashwa okuphumelelayo, ukuxilonga inyongo engcolile kubalulekile. Uma uhlangabezana nezimpawu ezifana nobuhlungu besisu, umkhuhlane, noma i-jaundice, funa usizo lwezokwelapha ngokushesha. Udokotela wakho uzoqala ngokuhlolwa ngokomzimba, efuna ukuthamba noma ukuvuvukala esiswini sakho.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, unga-oda ukuhlolwa kwegazi ukuhlola izimpawu zokutheleleka, ukuvuvukala, noma ukulimala kwesibindi, ukuze kutholakale ukuthi izimpawu Zibangelwa yi- vesicle ukungcola noma esinye isimo. Ngokulandelayo, ukuhlolwa komchamo okuyisisekelo.

Ukuqinisekisa ukutholakala kwe-gallbladder ethelelekile, okulandelayo kuvame ukudingeka:

Ukuhlolwa kwezithombe okuvame kakhulu yi-ultrasound kanye ne-endoscopic ultrasound. I-Ultrasound isebenzisa amaza omsindo avame kakhulu ukukhiqiza izithombe ze- i-biliary viscus kanye nezitho ezizungezile.

I-endoscopic ultrasound iyindlela yokuthwebula ethuthukisiwe ehlanganisa i-ultrasound ne-endoscope, ishubhu elincane, eliguquguqukayo elinekhamera encane esicongweni sayo. Lokhu kuvumela izithombe ezinemininingwane eminingi ze vesicle kanye nezicubu ezizungezile, okwenza kube lula ngodokotela ukubona noma yikuphi ukukhubazeka.

Ezinye izivivinyo zezithombe ezingasetshenziswa ukuxilonga i- inyongo ethelelekile Lokhu kuyi-computed tomography (CT) kanye ne-magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Zisinika izithombe ezakhiwe kabusha ngezinga lamamilimitha ukukhombisa imininingwane emincane yezakhiwo, njengakulesi simo sohlelo lwe-biliary.

Lezi zivivinyo zisebenzisa ubuchwepheshe obuthuthukisiwe ukudala izithombe ezinemininingwane zangaphakathi lomzimba, okuvumela udokotela wakho ukuthi abone noma yimuphi umonakalo noma ukukhubazeka. vesicle noma ezicutshini ezizungezile.

• Kwezinye izimo, udokotela wakho angase futhi akuncome ukuthi uhlolwe i-cholangiogram.
• Lokhu kuhlolwa kuhilela ukufaka idayi emigudwini ye-bile ukuze kubonakale noma yikuphi ukuvinjelwa noma ukungalingani.
• Lokhu kuhlolwa kuvame ukwenziwa ngesikhathi senqubo eyaziwa ngokuthi CPRE, noma i-endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography.
• Phakathi nale nqubo, kufakwa i-endoscope ngomlomo iye emathunjini amancane, okuvumela udokotela wakho ukuthi ahlole amathumbu ngokuningiliziwe. imisele ye-bile kanye ne-gallbladder inyongo.

ukuxilongwa okuhlukile

Inyongo ethelelekile, eyaziwa nangokuthi i-cholecystitis, yisimo esenzeka lapho inyongo ivuvukala futhi itheleleka ngenxa yokuvaleka, kungaba ngamatshe enyongo noma isimila.

Kubalulekile ukuqaphela le nkinga yezokwelapha ngokushesha nokuthola ukwelashwa ngokushesha ukuze kuncishiswe izinkinga ezingaba khona, njengokuthi ukuqhekeka kwenyongo, i-peritonitis ebulalayo, noma i-sepsis ebulalayo. Ukuze kutholakale ukuthi i-cholecystitis iyimbangela yezimpawu zesiguli, kufanele kwenziwe ukuxilongwa okuhlukile.

Udokotela kumele acabangele izici eziningi ezahlukene, okuhlanganisa ubudala, umlando wezokwelapha, imithi yamanje, izici ezingaba yingozi, izifundo zezithombe, kanye nokutholakele kwelebhu, ukuze athole ukuxilongwa okuphelele nokunembile.

Inyongo ethelelekile ingaba yinkinga enkulu yezempilo, kodwa ukuqashelwa ngesikhathi esifanele kanye nokwelashwa okusheshayo kungasiza ekuqinisekiseni umphumela ongcono weziguli.

Kukhona isifo esingavamile, njengokuthi inyongo egobile, enodonga oluncane, ngokungezwani okufanayo, futhi kuyi- ukuxilongwa okuhlukile okuzo kwenziwa.

Kusukela ekuvuvukeni kuya ekuthelelekeni

Uma inyongo isithelelekile, ingathuthuka ngokushesha ibe yi-gangrene noma imbobo. Kusukela ekuvuvukeni kuya ekuthelelekeni, kuyisimo esiphuthumayo sezokwelapha esidinga ukunakekelwa okusheshayo.

Isikhathi sibaluleke kakhulu lapho kwelashwa inyongo ethelelekile; uma ingelashwa, impilo yesiguli ingase ibe sengozini ngenxa yokusabalala kwamagciwane nezinye izinkinga. Izindlela ezithuthukisiwe ziyathuthukiswa futhi zisetshenziswa ukuze kuhlinzekwe ukwelashwa okusheshayo nokuphumelelayo kweziguli ezinezifo zenyongo.

Ngamasu amasha anjengo I-laparoscopic cholecystectomyOdokotela abahlinzayo manje sebenekhono lokususa inyongo ngokusika okuncane kanye nokuphazamiseka okuncane emzimbeni. Ngokuhlanganisa ubuchwepheshe besimanje kanye nochwepheshe abaqeqeshiwe (odokotela abahlinzayo kanye nodokotela ababulala izinzwa), sinikeza izixazululo ezithembisayo kulabo ababhekene nalesi simo esibucayi.

UDkt. Delgado ugcizelela ukubaluleka okuyisisekelo kokuhlinzwa kwe-laparoscopic kusenesikhathi, emahoreni okuqala angu-72, ukunciphisa ingozi ye-sepsis nokuvumela ukululama okusheshayo kakhulu kunendlela yendabuko yokulinda ukuvuvukala kuphele.

I-Sepsis iwukutheleleka okungathi sína futhi okungase kubulale okungasakazeka ngokushesha uma kungelashwa ngokushesha. Ngokugcizelela ukuhlinzwa kwe-laparoscopic kusenesikhathi njengendlela ephumelelayo yokunciphisa ingozi ye-sepsis, uDkt. Delgado usiza iziguli eziningi ukuthi zithole ukunakekelwa okungcono futhi zithole ukululama okusheshayo kunalokho obekucatshangwa ukuthi kungenzeka.

Ukuhlinzwa kwe-laparoscopic kusenesikhathi kuyintuthuko enkulu kwezokwelapha enganciphisa ukuvuvukala futhi ivimbele ukutheleleka ngaphambi kokuba kuqale.

Ukwelashwa kwenyongo ethelelekile

Uma kukhulunywa ngokuthuthukisa inyongo ethelelekileIsu lizohluka kuye ngokuthi ukutheleleka kubucayi kangakanani kanye nesimo sesiguli sonke. Kwezinye izimo, ama-antibiotic anganconywa ukulwa nokutheleleka nokunciphisa ukuvuvukala. Ama-antibhayothikhi anganikezwa futhi ukuze kuncishiswe ukungakhululeki.

Kodwa-ke, uma ukutheleleka kukubi kakhulu, kungase kudingeke ukuhlinzwa. ukungenelela kokuhlinzwa okuphuthumayo ukususa inyongo. Lokhu kwaziwa ngokuthi cholecystectomy futhi ngokuvamile kwenziwa nge-laparoscopically, okubandakanya ukusikwa okuncane kanye nesikhathi sokululama ngokushesha kunokuhlinzwa okuvulekile.

Ngaphezu kokwelashwa kwezokwelapha, kunganconywa ukulungisa indlela yokuphila ukuze kuvinjelwe ezinye izifo.

Lokhu kungafaka phakathi ukuyeka ukudla okunamafutha noma okunongwe okungase imbangela izimpawugcina isisindo esinempilo futhi hlala unamanzi amaningi (phuza okungenani amalitha ama-2 amanzi anuka kamnandi e-chamomile, i-boldo noma i-mint usuku lonke; okubalulekile: i-thermos yensimbi noma yengilazi).

Kubalulekile futhi ukulandela ngokucophelela yonke imiyalelo yangemva kokuhlinzwa, okuhlanganisa ukuthatha imithi enikezwe udokotela njengoba kuyalelwe, ukugwema imisebenzi enzima noma ukuphakamisa izinto ezisindayo, kanye nokuya emihlanganweni yokulandelela nochwepheshe bezempilo ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ukululama kuyaqhubeka njengoba kuhleliwe.

Ngokwelashwa kwezokwelapha noma kokuhlinzwa kanye nokunakekelwa okufanele, iziguli eziningi ezine- i-biliary viscus ethelelekile Bangalulama ngokugcwele futhi bagweme izinkinga zesikhathi esizayo.

Izinkinga zenyongo ethelelekile

I-biliary viscus engcolile ingabangela izinkinga ezinkulu, okungathi uma zingelashwa ngokushesha, zibe yingozi empilweni. Enye yezinkinga ezivame kakhulu ukwakheka kwethumba (ukuqongelela kobomvu) okungenzeka ku- gallbladder noma ezicutshini ezizungezile.

Izimpawu zalokhu zifaka phakathi umkhuhlane, ukubanda, nobuhlungu obukhulu, futhi ngezinye izikhathi kudinga ukuhlinzwa kokukhipha amanzi noma ngisho nokususwa kwesimila. vesicle.

Enye inkinga engaba khona ukuthi ukutheleleka kungasakazekela kwezinye izingxenye zomzimba, njengesibindi noma igazi, okungaholela ku-sepsis, inkinga ebalulekile engabangela ukwehluleka kwezitho zomzimba nokufa.

Ngakho-ke, kubalulekile ukuqaphela izimpawu ze-a inyongo ethelelekile futhi bathole ukwelashwa okusheshayo ukuze bagweme lezi zingozi.

Ezinye izinkinga ze-a vesicle Izinkinga zenyongo zifaka phakathi amatshe enyongo, angabangela ukuvaleka kwemisele yenyongo kanye ne-jaundice, isimo lapho isikhumba namehlo kubonakala kuphuzi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, unga imbangela ukuvuvukala kwe-pancreas, indlala ebangela ukukhiqiza ama-enzyme nama-hormone alawula ushukela egazini.

Lokhu kubizwa ngokuthi i-pancreatitis futhi kungabangela ubuhlungu obukhulu besisu, isicanucanu nokuhlanza, futhi kungadinga ukulaliswa esibhedlela ukuze kutholakale ukwelashwa. Ngakho-ke, kubaluleke kakhulu ukufuna usizo lwezokwelapha uma kuvela izimpawu zesimo esithile. inyongo ethelelekile, njengoba ukwelashwa kusenesikhathi kungasiza ekugwemeni lezi zinkinga ezinkulu.

Manje sizophendula imibuzo eminingana odokotela abavame ukuyibuza iziguli noma imindeni yazo ngesikhathi sokubonisana, njengasezindlini eziphuthumayo:

Ukuvimbela inyongo ethelelekile

Ukuze ugweme ukungakhululeki nobuhlungu obuhambisana ne- i-biliary viscus ethelelekileKubalulekile ukuthatha izinyathelo zokuvimbela. Isiqalo esihle ukunciphisa ukudla kwakho okunamafutha, okungandisa amathuba okwakha amatshe enyongo asabekayo.

Kunalokho, yamukela isimiso sokudla okunempilo ucebile nge-fiber yokudlaYidla izithelo nemifino eminingi ukuze ugcine uhlelo lokugaya ukudla luphilile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuhlala unamanzi ngokuphuza amanzi anele kungasiza ekuvimbeleni amatshe enyongo futhi kunciphise ingozi yokutheleleka.

Esinye isinyathelo sokuvimbela ukugcina isisindo esinempilo ngokuzivocavoca njalo njengokuhamba, ukugijima, ukugibela ibhayisikili, noma ukulandela uhlelo lokufaneleka komzimba, Into engcono kakhulu ukuba nomfundisi oqinisekisiwe kanye nokudla okunempilo. Ukukhuluphala ngokweqile kuyimbangela enkulu yengozi yokuthola amatshe enyongo, okungaholela inyongo ethelelekile.

Ngakho-ke, ukuhlala umatasa nokugcina isisindo esinempilo kuvame ukunciphisa ingozi yokuthola amatshe enyongo kanye nezinye izifo zenyongo. i-biliary viscus.

Okokugcina, kulabo abanomlando wobunzima emndenini gallbladderKubalulekile ukuba nesibindi sokuvimbela.

Ukuhlolwa njalo nodokotela kungasiza ekutholeni noma yiziphi izinkinga ezingaba khona kusenesikhathi, okuvumela ukungenelela ngesikhathi futhi kuzivimbele ekubeni yinkinga enkulu. inyongo ethelelekile.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, lapho kuvela izimpawu zokuqala zesifo, vesicleIzimpawu ezinjengokubhoboka, ukuqunjelwa, noma ubuhlungu besisu kufanele zishukumisele usizo lwezokwelapha ngokushesha ukuze kugwenywe izinkinga ezengeziwe.

Una inyongo ethelelekile Lena inselele okungafanele ubhekane nayo wedwa. Isayensi nobuchwepheshe bokuhlinzwa yibo abangani bakho abangcono kakhulu. Uma wena noma othandekayo wakho nizwa lezi zimpawu, ungalibali ukubonisana nochwepheshe.

Isiphetho

Okokugcina, maqondana nephuzu elibaluleke kakhulu: uma Uma i-blister ethelelekile ithinta isikhumba, ingabangela ukungakhululeki okukhulu nobuhlungu. kulabo abathintekile. Kubalulekile ukwazi i- izimbangela, izimpawu kanye nezinketho zokwelapha ezitholakalayo zokubhekana nesifo ngempumelelo. Ukuxilongwa kusenesikhathi kanye nokwelashwa kungasiza ekuvimbeleni izinkinga futhi kuthuthukise umphumela ophelele.

Ngokunakekelwa okufanele nokunakwa, abantu bangathatha izinyathelo zokuvimbela ukuqala kwenyongo ethelelekile futhi balondoloze impilo enhle yokugaya ukudla.

Khumbula ukubonisana njalo nodokotela uchwepheshe wezempilo wendawo ezibhedlela noma emitholampilo yezempilo ukuze uthole iseluleko sezokwelapha kanye nezinketho ezenzelwe wena ukwelashwaManje yisikhathi esihle sokwabelana ngalolu lwazi ezinkundleni zokuxhumana ukuze abantu abaningi bahlale benolwazi.

Imibuzo Evame Ukubuzwa - I-Acute Cholecystitis

Ngiyabonga ngokushiya amazwana akho kanye neziphakamiso zakho ngezihloko zokugaya ukudla ukuze uzihlanganise kubhulogi yezempilo yokuvimbela. Kuze kube yisikhathi esilandelayo, futhi ukugona!

UDkt. Jorge Delgado, Udokotela Ohlinzayo. Inyongo Ethelelekile.

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